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At Saqqara Djoser's step pyramid, the oldest complete stone building complex known in history was built. Another 16 Egyptian kings built pyramids at Saqqara which are now in various states of preservation or dilapidation. High officials added private funeral monuments to this necropolis during the entire pharaonic period.
Djoser's Step Pyramid complex has several structures pivotal to its function in both life and the afterlife. Its purpose was to facilitate a successful afterlife for the king so that he could be eternally reborn.
The Djoser complex is surrounded by a wall of limestone. The wall is has by 14 doors; however only one entrance is functional for the living. The remaining doors are known as false doors and were meant for the king's use in the afterlife. They functioned as portals through which the king's ka could pass between life and the afterlife.
The South Court is a large court between the South Tomb and the pyramid. Within the court are curved stones thought to be territorial markers associated with the Heb-sed festival, an important ritual completed by Egyptian kings (typically after 30 years on the throne) to renew their powers. These would have allowed Djoser to claim control over all of Egypt, while its presence in the funerary complex would allow Djoser to continue to benefit from the ritual in the afterlife. At the southern end of the court was a platform approached by steps. It is thought that this was a platform for the double throne. This fits into the theory that suggests the whole step pyramid complex symbolizes the royal palace enclosure and allows the king to eternally perform the rituals associated with kingship.
Dahshur lies south of Saqqara. The area running from Giza to Dahshur has been used as necropolis by the inhabitants of Memphis at different times, and it has been designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979
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